初中英語短語歸納解析(十八)

1. drill/ exercise/ practice
Ⅰ. drill “練習(xí)” 指有組織,有指導(dǎo)地反復(fù)進行的練習(xí)。尤指在課堂上或軍隊里進行的教練。如:
Question-and –answer drills are important when yu are learning a foreign language.
Ⅱ. exercise 指為發(fā)展智力或鍛煉身體而進行的練習(xí)。如:
① He is doing an exercise in English grammar.
② We do morning exercises every day.
Ⅲ. practice 是不可數(shù)名詞,指為了達到熟練或完善的程度 而反復(fù)進行的練習(xí)。尤指在藝術(shù)、手藝或技巧方面。如:
Piano playing needs a lot of practice.彈鋼琴需要多練。
2. drop/ fall
Ⅰ. drop 可用作不及物動詞或及物動詞,意為“下降,丟下,放下”。fall 只用作不及物動詞,意為“落下,下降”。 如:
① The boy fell off the tree. 這男孩從樹上掉了下來。
② The temperature is dropping. 溫度在下降。
③ Can you drop me? 你能讓我中途下車嗎?
④ I dropped the box on my foot. 我失手讓盒子砸了我的腳。
⑤ I’ll drop off at the next stop. 我要在下一站下車。
3. maybe / perhaps / probably
Ⅰ. maybe, perhaps. & probably,都是副詞,有“或許、可能”之意。用法略有不同。
Ⅱ. maybe 和 perhabs 意思基本相同。如:
① Maybe / perhaps the weather will get better.可能天氣會變得好一些。
② Maybe / perhaps you put it in your basket. 或許你把它放在藍子里了。
Ⅲ. Probably “很可能”比maybe. perhaps 的可能性都大。如:
They will probably refuse to speak at the meeting.他們很可能會拒絕在會上發(fā)言。
Ⅳ. maybe 可用于句首或句尾。perhaps 可用于句首或句中; probably 一般用于句中,不用于句首。如:
① Maybe they will come.他們可能來(也可能不來)。
② They will perhaps come. 他們可能來(也可能不來)。
③ They will probably come. 他們很有可能來。
4. during/ in/ for
Ⅰ.during 和in 二者都表示某事的發(fā)生貫穿于某段時間中,或發(fā)生在某段時間 中的某一點上或幾點時間上。 在多數(shù)情況下,當(dāng)我們不強調(diào)對比或某一段時間時,in 和during都可以用,意思上并沒有什么區(qū)別。當(dāng)我們要表達某事具體發(fā)生的時間時, 多用in.當(dāng)我們指一項活動而不是一段時間時,只能用during, 另外during 還用來強調(diào)某動作持續(xù)了一段時間。如:
① I woke up three times in / during the night. 夜里我醒了三次。
② He had some amazing experience in / during his childhood. 他童年時有一些驚人的經(jīng)歷。
③ We usually go on holiday in July. (不能用during) 我們通常七月份度假。
Ⅱ.during 和for. 兩者都是表示一段時間的介詞。
1. during 意為:“在……(時間)內(nèi)”的行為或狀態(tài),與一段時間的整體連用。如:during the spring, during last year, during 1980等也可以和表示延續(xù)性事件的名詞連用,如:during my childhood, during our stay, during his visit等,一般不用于現(xiàn)在完成時的句子里。如:
① During the winter we play fotball. 冬季我們踢足球。
② Many comrades went to see him during his illness. 在他生病期間許多同志去看望了他。
2. for引導(dǎo)一段時間,強調(diào)時間由始至終,可譯為“(時間)長達……”一般與有長度的時間短語連用,如for three weeks. For a long time等,可用于現(xiàn)在(過去)完成時或過去時句子等。 如:
① He studied English for three years. 他學(xué)了三年英語。
② The French teacher has been in China for about a month.
5. each/ every “每個”
Ⅰ. each 和every ??赏ㄓ?,后跟單數(shù)名詞。但也有一些區(qū)別:1)著重強調(diào)個體,而every 著重強調(diào)整體。如:
① Each student has got a new dictionary. 每個學(xué)生各有一本字典。
② Every student has got a new dictionary. 每個學(xué)生都有一本字典。(every student = all the students)
Ⅱ. each 用于指兩個或兩 個以上的人或事物, 而every 則用于指三個或三個以上的人或事物。 如:
① There are some ads on each side of the road. 公路的每一側(cè)都有一些廣告。(each side – both sides.這個句子中的each 不能用every 代替。)
② You look more beautiful each / every time I see you.每次見到你,你都看起來更漂亮。
Ⅲ. each 可用作代詞,后跟“of+復(fù)數(shù)名詞 / 代詞”。動詞仍然用單數(shù),every 則不能這樣用,因every是形容詞。如:
① Each of students has got a new book. = Every one of the students has got a new book. = The students each have got a new book.(The students have got a new book each.)每個學(xué)生各有一本新書。
② Each of them likes light music. = Every one of them likes light music. = They each like light music. (They like light music each.) 他們?nèi)巳硕枷矚g輕音樂。
6. earth/ ground/floor/field/ land/ soil
Ⅰ.earth “地;地球;泥土”。它著重批“大地”,以別于“天空”;也可以指區(qū)別于堅硬巖石的泥土。如:
① The earth moves round the sun. 地球圍繞太陽轉(zhuǎn)。
② Snakes creep on the earth.蛇在地上爬行。
Ⅱ.ground. “地;地面”主要指大地表面。不論是呢地,沙地或水泥地,均可用這個詞表示;也可用來指運動場地。如:
① The ground is covered with leaves in the woods.樹林的地面上落滿了樹葉。
② There is a football ground in our school.我們學(xué)校有個足球場。
Ⅲ.foor.用于指建筑物內(nèi)的“地板”,其前面通常加the;此外,還可以表示樓房的“層”。如:
① The cat is on the floor. 貓在地板上。
② the first floor(美:)一樓 / (英:)二樓。
Ⅲ.field. 表“田;地”常用于指種植農(nóng)作物的“農(nóng)田、土地”有時也可指研究、活動的“范圍;流域”如:
① They are working in the fields.他們正在田里勞動。
② What’s your field of study? 你的研究領(lǐng)域是什么?
Ⅳ.land. “陸地”與河流和海洋相對;也可指“土地”,可耕種的田地就叫做land;它還可以表示“國土;國家”如:
① We travelled by land until we reached the sea.我們從陸路去一直旅行到大海。
② All the waste land in this area has veen opened up.這個地方的荒地全被開墾了。
Ⅴ.soil“土地;土壤”尤指生長植物的土地。如:
① The soil is very thin in the forest. 森林里土層非常薄。
② The peasants are preparing the soil for seed.農(nóng)民們正在平整土地。
7. elder/ older
Ⅰ.elder的意思是年長的,指家庭里兩個成員中年齡較長的,或者指明的兩個人中年齡較長的。例如:
① He is my elder brother. 他是我的哥哥。
② My elder sister works at a factory. 我姐姐在工廠里工作。
③ Which is the elder of the two? 這兩個人中哪一個年齡較大?
[注] elder用作形容詞時,通常放在名詞前面作定語。它也可以用作名詞,其復(fù)數(shù)形式表示長者、長輩的意思,例如:
We respect our elders. 我們尊重長輩。
Ⅱ.older是形容詞old 的比較級形式,指年齡較大、較老,也指較舊。例如:
① Comrade Zhang is two years older than Comrade Wang. 張同志比王同志大兩歲。
② This tree is older than that one. 這棵樹比那棵樹。
8. else/ other“別的、其它的”
Ⅰ. else adj.& adv 作形容詞時,主要用在 who, whose , what , 等疑問代詞,或,nobody, nothing, somebody, something, anybody, anything, 等不定代詞之后作賓語;作副詞用時,用在where,when等詞后作狀語。如:
① He said what else you would like? 他問你還想要什么?
② Where else are you going to stay? 你們還要在別的什么地停留?
Ⅱ. else 可帶’s。讀作:[′elsiz] . 如:
I took someone else’s book by mistake. 我錯拿了別人的書
Ⅲ. other 是形容詞,有來修飾名詞時,須放在名詞之前。如:
Where are the other boys? 其它的男孩在哪里?
Ⅳ. 還可以修飾代詞one, 或ones. 如:
This story is more interesting than the other one.這個故事比那個故事更有趣。
9. end/ finish/ stop
Ⅰ. ▲ end 指動作過程終止。
▲ finish指動作已完成,再沒有動作做。
▲ stop 側(cè)重動作的停止,即由“動”到“不動”。如:
① Everything ended. 一切都結(jié)束了。
② Have you finished your work? 你的工作做完了嗎?
③ He stoppedreading to have a rest.他停止閱讀,休息了一會兒。
10. enjoy/ like/ love/ prefer
這四個詞都有喜歡之意,但用法不同。
Ⅰ.like意為“喜歡、愛好”,語氣較弱,其后可跟名詞、代詞、不定式、動名詞等作賓語。like也跟復(fù)合賓語,賓語補足語常用動詞不定式,即like sb. to do sth. “喜歡某人做某事”。如:
① In England many people like fish and chips. 在英國,許多人喜歡魚和油煎土豆條。
② He likes playing volleyball. 他愛打排球。
③ I don’t like to eat pears now. 現(xiàn)在我不想吃梨。
Ⅱ.love意為“愛,愛好”,在感情上比like強烈,經(jīng)常用于愛祖國、愛父母這一類程度比較深的情況,在口語中它往往僅指一般的喜愛,這樣用時和like的意思相近,可以互換,后面可以跟名詞、動名詞或動詞不定式。如:
④ We love our Party. 我們熱愛我們的黨。
⑤ I love to skate. 我喜歡滑冰。(可用like替換)
⑥ They love playing table tennis. 他們愛打乒乓球。(可用like替換)
Ⅲ.enjoy意為“喜歡、欣賞”之意;有“樂于;享受。。。。。。之樂趣”的意思,其后跟名詞、代詞、動名詞作賓語,不接不定式形式。另外enjoy oneself 是“玩得愉快”之意,相當(dāng)于have a good time,如:
① Many old people enjoy living in a village. 許多老年人喜歡在鄉(xiāng)村居住。
② Did you injoy yourself in the park yesterday? 昨天你在公園玩得痛快嗎?
Ⅳ.prefer為“更喜歡、寧愿”之意。常用于兩者之間的選擇,其后可跟名詞、代詞、動名詞和不定式,也可跟賓語從句,但賓語從句要用虛擬語氣。prefer還可以與介詞to連用,表示“喜歡。。。。。。。,而不喜歡。。。。。?!?。其中to為介詞,后跟名詞或動名詞。Prefer to do…rather then do…意為“喜歡。。。。。。,不喜歡。。。。。。”。如:
① Li Lei likes Chinese , but I prefer English. 李雷喜歡語文,而我更喜歡英語。
② Mr Green prefers walking to riding a bike. 格林先生喜歡步行而不愿騎車。
③ Which would you prefer, tea or coffee? 你比較喜歡喝茶,還是咖啡?
④ He prefers to write her some letters rather then telephone her. 他喜歡給她寫信,不愿給她打電話。
▲ 總結(jié):rather than“寧可;是。。。。。。而不是。。。。。?!保?/strong>連接各種并列成份,在語氣上肯定前面否定后面。也可寫成would…rather than;rather than…would…,相當(dāng)于instead of,如:
① He ran rather than walked. 他跑步而不是步行。
② They lost fame rather than wealth. 他們失去的不是財富,而是名譽。
③ He would die rather than give in.=Rather than give in he would die. 他寧死不屈。
④ These shose are comfortable rather than pretty. 這雙鞋不好看但穿起來很舒服。
⑤ She would rather be poor than do that. 她寧愿受窮也不愿那樣做。
11. enter/ enter into
Ⅰ.enter. “進入”表進入一個具體處所,如房間、場所等,后面無需加介詞; 也可表“進入”某個時期或階段;當(dāng)表示加入某個組織而成為其成員時, enter相當(dāng)于join.如:
① She entered the house.她走進那間屋子。(不用into)
② China is entering a new stage of development.中國正在進入一個新的發(fā)展階段。
Ⅱ.enter into. “進入、參加、開始從事”,后加抽象名詞,主要表示“進入”某種狀態(tài)。一般用于表抽象和借喻的意義。
Tom’s accident didn’t enter into our plan. Tom的事故是我們的計劃中沒有預(yù)料到的。
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